高等数学

1.函数极限与连续

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反双曲正弦余弦函数

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有界性

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单调性

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构造奇偶函数

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周期性

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幂函数

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三角函数

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反三角函数

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分段函数

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极限的定义

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无穷小/大

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洛必达法则

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泰勒公式

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$${lim}_{x->0^+}x^alnx$$的性质

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连续点image-20250912165055438

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小tips

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2.数列极限

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简单的数列

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有界数列

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一些结论

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数列极限

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海涅定理

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夹逼定理

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单调有界性

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数列收敛的速度

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3.一元函数微分学的概念

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导数的定义

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求导的奇偶变换及周期性

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f(x)与f(-x)的关系

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导数的几何意义:切线与法线

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高阶导数

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微分

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小tips

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4.一元函数微分学的计算

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基本公式

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反函数的导数

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隐函数求导

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参数方程求导

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对数求导法

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幂指函数求导法

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高阶函数

归纳法

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莱布尼茨公式

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泰勒公式

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tips:拉格朗日定理,有理化分子

5.一元函数微分学的几何应用

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极值

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单调性

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判别极值的三种方式

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凹凸性

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或者$$设x>x_0,/frac{f(x)-f(x_0)}{x-x_0}>f’(x_0)$$ 凹;$$/frac{f(x)-f(x_0)}{x-x_0}<f’(x_0)$$ 凸

拐点

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判断拐点的三种方式

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重要结论

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渐近线

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最值与取值范围

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方法论

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做函数图像

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曲率及曲率半径

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小tips

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6.一元函数微分学的应用–中值定理,微分(不)等式

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中值定理(例题)

涉及函数

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涉及导数(微分)

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费马定理

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导数零点定理

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罗尔定理

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辅助函数

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拉格朗日中值定理

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柯西中值定理

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泰勒公式

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微分等式

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微分不等式

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7.一元函数微分学的应用–物理与经济应用

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导数的物理意义

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相关变化率

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8.一元函数积分学的概念和性质

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不定积分

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原函数(不定积分)存在定理

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$$f(x)存在与f’(x)存在的区别$$

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定积分

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定积分的可积性

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定积分的性质

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变限积分

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反常积分

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敛散性的判别法

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9.一元函数积分学的计算

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基本公式

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不定积分的积分法

凑微分法

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换元法

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分部积分法

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有理函数的积分

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定积分的计算(例题)

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点火公式

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变限积分的计算

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重要结论

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反常积分的计算(例题)

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$$ Γ$$函数

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tips:

倒代换;区间重现

注意:

$$\int_{0}^{\pi} x f(\sin x) , dx$$

$$\int_{0}^{\pi} x f(\sin x) , dx = \int_{\pi}^{0} (\pi - t) f(\sin(\pi - t)) (-dt) = \int_{0}^{\pi} (\pi - t) f(\sin t) , dt$$

注意到 $$\sin(\pi - t) = \sin t$$,因此积分化简为:
$$\int_{0}^{\pi} x f(\sin x) , dx = \int_{0}^{\pi} (\pi - t) f(\sin t) , dt$$

将原积分记为 $I = \int_{0}^{\pi} x f(\sin x) , dx$
又$I = \int_{0}^{\pi} (\pi - t) f(\sin t) , dt$

将这两个表达式相加:
$2I = \int_{0}^{\pi} x f(\sin x) , dx + \int_{0}^{\pi} (\pi - x) f(\sin x) , dx = \int_{0}^{\pi} \pi f(\sin x) , dx$
$2I = \pi \int_{0}^{\pi} f(\sin x) , dx$

又考虑到$f(sinx)$关于$x=\frac{\pi}{2}$对称

$\int_{0}^{\pi} x f(\sin x) , dx = \frac{\pi}{2} \int_{0}^{\pi} f(\sin x) , dx= \pi \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} f(\sin x) , dx$

10.一元函数积分学的几何应用

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平面图形的面积(例题)

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旋转体的体积

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用定积分表达和计算函数的平均值

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其他几何应用

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11.一元函数积分学的应用(例题)

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积分等式

中值定理

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夹逼准则

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用积分法

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积分不等式

函数的单调性

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拉格朗日中值定理

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泰勒公式

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用积分法

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牛顿莱布尼茨公式

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12.一元函数积分学的实际应用

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变力做功

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抽水做功

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静水压力

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引力

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13.多元函数微分学

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基本概念

邻域

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极限

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连续

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偏导数(例题)

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可微

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important

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多元函数微分学

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全微分形式的不变性

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隐函数存在定理

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二阶函数的拉格朗日定理

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多元函数的极值和最值

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条件极值和拉格朗日乘子法

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最(远)近点的垂线定理

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有界闭区间上连续函数的最值问题

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14.二重积分

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性质

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对称性

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计算

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极坐标与直角坐标的转化

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换元法

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平面区域D大观

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15.微分方程

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基本概念

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一阶微分方程的求解

可分离变量型微分方程

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齐次型微分方程

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一阶线性微分方程

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伯努利方程

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二阶可降阶微分方程

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全微分方程

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高阶线性微分方程的求解

二阶常系数齐次线性微分方程

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二阶常系数非齐次线性微分方程

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微分算子法

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n(n>2)阶常系数齐次线性微分方程

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欧拉公式

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微分方程的几何应用

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微分方程的物理应用

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16.无穷级数

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概念

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性质

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级数敛散的判别方法

正向级数的敛散性判别(例题)

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交错级数的敛散性判别

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任意项级数的敛散性判别

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important:

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幂级数及其收敛域

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幂级数求和

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重要展开式

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例题

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函数展开为幂级数(例题)

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总结

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傅里叶级数

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17.多元函数积分学的预备知识

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向量代数

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空间平面与直线

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空间曲面与曲线

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多元函数微分学的几何应用

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场论初步

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18.多元函数积分学

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三重积分

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计算(例题)

直角坐标系

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柱面坐标系

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球面坐标系

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换元法

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应用

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第一型曲线积分

概念

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性质

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对称性

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计算(例题)

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应用

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第一型曲面积分

概念

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性质

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对称性

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计算(例题)

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important

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应用

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平面第二型曲线积分

概念

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性质

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计算(例题)

化为定积分

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格林公式

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平面曲线积分与路径无关

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第二型曲面积分

概念

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性质

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计算(例题)

化为二重积分

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转换投影法

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高斯公式

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空间第二型曲线积分的计算

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